International Board of Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) Practice Exam

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Where are human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) produced?

In the liver
In the lactocytes in the breast tissue
In the placenta
In the gastrointestinal tract

The correct answer is: In the lactocytes in the breast tissue

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are predominantly synthesized in the lactocytes, which are the milk-producing cells located in the breast tissue. These specialized cells are responsible for the production of various components of breast milk, including proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and HMOs. HMOs play a crucial role in supporting the infant's immune system and promoting healthy gut microbiota, as well as providing nutritionally beneficial properties. The synthesis of HMOs involves complex biochemical pathways that occur specifically in the lactocytes during the process of lactation. This production is a key aspect of the unique composition of human breast milk, distinguishing it from formula and ensuring that it meets the specific needs of the breastfeeding infant. Other locations mentioned, such as the liver, placenta, or gastrointestinal tract, do not have the specific mechanisms or functions necessary for HMO production as lactocytes do.