International Board of Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) Practice Exam

What viral infection in the mother may contraindicate breastfeeding in some cases?

1. HIV

2. Hepatitis C

3. HPV

4. Rubella

The correct answer is: HIV

HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is the viral infection in the mother that can contraindicate breastfeeding in certain circumstances. The primary concern surrounding breastfeeding by a mother with HIV is the potential for the virus to be transmitted to the infant through breast milk. Studies have shown that HIV can indeed be present in breast milk, and there is a documented risk of transmission to the breastfeeding infant. In settings where safe alternatives to breastfeeding are available, the recommendation is generally to avoid breastfeeding to eliminate the risk of transmission. This is particularly emphasized where resources allow for safe, appropriate infant feeding practices, such as the use of formula. In cases where breastfeeding is culturally significant or when safe formula feeding is not an option, specific guidelines must be followed and healthcare providers will evaluate individual circumstances to recommend the best course of action. In contrast, while other viral infections such as Hepatitis C, HPV, and Rubella can pose risks to maternal or infant health, they do not generally contraindicate breastfeeding to the same extent that HIV does. For example, although Hepatitis C can be transmitted through blood, it is not transmitted through breast milk, and mothers with Hepatitis C are usually encouraged to breastfeed. HPV does not have a known transmission risk through breastfeeding, and