International Board of Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) Practice Exam

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What condition do human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) help protect premature infants from?

Respiratory distress syndrome
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
Jaundice
Hypoglycemia

The correct answer is: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) play a vital role in protecting premature infants, particularly against necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). NEC is a serious gastrointestinal condition that affects premature infants, characterized by inflammation and infection of the intestine, which can lead to tissue damage and even perforation. HMOs are non-digestible complex carbohydrates found in human milk that contribute to the infant's gut health in several ways. They serve as prebiotics, promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, which can help maintain a healthy gut flora. This is particularly important for premature infants, who are at higher risk for infections and gastrointestinal complications due to their underdeveloped immune systems. Additionally, HMOs can inhibit the adhesion of pathogens to the intestinal lining, reducing the risk of infection and inflammation that can lead to NEC. They also have immune-modulating properties that support the infant's overall immune system, further aiding in the prevention of NEC. In summary, the protective effects of HMOs against necrotizing enterocolitis stem from their role in promoting beneficial gut microbiota, preventing pathogen adhesion, and supporting immune function, making them crucial in the care of premature infants.